"I grew up on a farm around Russell, and when we butchered, all my dad ever used was a .22 between the eyes. Of course, they were not aged cows or bulls, usually steers about 15 months old. Never saw him shoot one more than once, all just folded right there. "
yep, our 66 year old neighbor down the road ahs been butchering cattle forever in this way. He uses an old remington 16, "...gun hasn't killed anything besides beef steers for the past 40 years..". shoots them in the chute from about 5 feet away, hoists them with the wheel tractor and so on and so forth. Growing up, I have never seen any of the couple hundred or so cattle that I've seen him shoot take anymore than a single shell.
on the other hand we were on a trail ride a few years back where a guy's horse snapped it leg, that took 3 shots from a .45 in the side (tossing its head to much to shoot) to put down.