Boltface size has to do with cartridge relative case head size. In the US of A there's 223 size, 308 size, and magnum size boltfaces, plus some smaller, some in between, and some larger than those 3 common boltfaces. Action length has to do with overall length of loaded ammo. However, it is possible to single load a 30-06 cartrige into a properly chambered, short action gun and safely fire it. Just don't expect a short action gun to eject an unfired 30-06. You also wouldn't be able to load a "short" magazine full of loaded 30-06 ammo. There are many old and newer cartridges that don't fit the "normal" sizes, be be it short action vs. long action vs. magnum action. These "sizes" are also relative to the weapon manufacturer.
A 2 cent analysis from the Ratman.