Good question. My opinion is that like most things with coyotes it can only be answered in generalities. There is no such thing as always or never when it comes to coyotes.
I would say for sure there are smarter coyotes, and dumber ones. Just like people. Ones that make the same mistake twice (or more), and ones that don't. Ones that make mistakes multiple times usually don't have a long lifespan though.
My general belief is that the harder the lesson you gave them the more likely they are to remember it. Burn one with a bullet, blow rocks in their face, stand their hair on end with the muzzle blast of a 300 Win Mag at 25 yards, those things they will remember very well. A wide miss with a suppressed 223 at a couple hundred yards, probably not near so much.
I tend to think of it in combinations as well. One of the old timers on here (maybe DAA, maybe someone else) made a statement once that I really like. I know I am not getting it 100% correct but I will throw it out there anyways. It goes something like "They can hear you 3 times, see you twice, but only smell you once." Very accurate IMO. So couple that statement with the sound you are using and how hard a scare you gave them. Throw in the variability between individual coyotes and the combinations are huge. Which is why I say only generalities apply.
Did they see you, smell you, and then you gave them a near death experience? That one is going to be pretty hard to call back up anytime soon. Or did it just see you from 300 yards out? You have a pretty good chance of coming back a few weeks later and using a different sound, and calling the second one back up.
And we haven't even touched on yet whether it was a transient coyote moving through, or an alpha in the core of their own territory. Yet another factor.
Or like Mo said, how hungry is it? Is it breeding season and are you using territorial sounds? Just so many factors. Which is one of the things I love about calling coyotes.