iirc, the 03 was initially a 30-40 Krag replacement borrowing the heavy 220 gr bullet and containing it in a longer brass. Some feeding issues in the 03 Springfield, throat erosion showed during test/ implementation and then ballistics/trajectries weren't that great. The 03 was revised to a ligher 150 gr fmj, cut down approx. 2mm, and slower burning Dupont Pyro DG used and the rifles were re-barrelled for the "new" cartridge. The 30-06 was born. The powder was switched to 4895 in the late 20's and continued, primarily with that until she was replaced completely in 1966.
The stuff you pick up researching your Garand!! LOL!