I may have done one of the more extreme of these options last year.
I had a 19" barrel spun up for my 6x284 shooting 105 gr pills.
It really comes down to the bullet choice, powder options and what you plan to do with the rifle.
FOR ME, I was using the rifle for a LR match rifle with 3200fps speed limits.
By choosing a 19" barrel, I was able to run a slow powder, with a heavy, high BC bullet right at 3160 fps with one of the shortest rifles on the firing line.
One benefit to this, is that slower powders burn cooler and there is less powder used per case...which yields a slight barrel life increase. I was able to squeeze right at 1200 rounds of match accurate life from my barrel. However, accuracy completely fell off at that mark. When it was toast, it was TOAST.
The other benefit, is that I was able to run a rifle, and suppressor in a package that most people had to use a rifle and brake. This is big when you're using barricades and negotiating hazardous terrain.
By knowing my speeds, and ballistics, 1400 yd shots at matches was a non-issue.
With the powder charge that I was using, quickload yielded an estimate of 98% powder burn, which was good enough for me. In order to get a 100% powder burn, I had to drop my charge to a point where accuracy was a little to inconsistent.
I did, however, choose to rebarrel to 22" when it was all over, and chose to use a 115 gr bullet, which...again, puts me just below match speed limits.
I personally don't see any downside in running a short barrel, especially when it's for hunting.