I read an article one time in I think Handloader magazine about bear defense ammo. Some "good HP" .357 mag designed (factory ammo) bullets were extracted from dead black bear and the results found were quite scary in my opinion. The HP bullets penetrated no more than 3" and blew up.
There another study done using hardcast bullets and one of the BIG BORE catridges like .475 Linebaugh, 500 JRH, something of this size class. The bullet weighed in the neighborhood of 440gr and was pushed at 900fps. It was then shot at a buffalo, frontal shot, the shot was a complete pass thru!
Pretty amazing I think!
Another study was done with cast bullets and the 45-70 cartridge. I cant remember the bullet weight but they found that the harder/faster they pushed the bullet, the depth od penetration decreased. The media was wet newsprint.
Ive shot thousands of my own cast bullets in my big bore revolvers. They can be very consuming.