What I find amusing is this magical 40-50yrd maximum. For a clean "lethal & or ethical" kill shot on coyotes. Heck yeah, I've shot them at very close range as well. Peppered them hard & still had coyotes get to their feet. Or try to.
1-coyote that sticks in my mind. I was so close to him, my pattern covered his body perfectly. Roughly a 3' pattern. That coyote rolled over in his bed & sat up, trying to run. This was with a 12ga Remington 3"mag, buffered #4Buck. My best estimate was he took almost every pellet/[41 pellets], a direct solid hit. Not some magical bang/flop DRT.
Anyone who has shot their share of coyotes. Whether, with a center fire or a shotgun. Knows, coyotes can often take a severe pounding. Without dropping dead in their tracks from the 1st solid/ supposed lethal? hit.
I've shot coyote with a centerfire & about cut them in 1/2, only to see them get to their feet & try to run. I've also shot them in the mid chest, leaving an exit hole you could stick your fist in & not touch the sides of the hole. Only to see those coyotes get to their feet, or try to.
As I've stated previous, long range shotgunning. You HAVE to, raise up some, for elevation pellet drop. Regardless, the penetration energy of Buckshot is still present.
Whether I was close or long range shotgunning. I kept hammering away, until they were stone dead.